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(votes - obtain)

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1 obtain

transitive verb

bekommen [Ware, Information, Hilfe]; erreichen, erzielen [Resultat, Wirkung]; erwerben, erlangen [akademischen Grad]

* * *
[əb'tein]
verb

(to get; to become the possessor of: He obtained a large sum of money by buying and selling houses.) erlangen

- academic.ru/51080/obtainable">obtainable

* * *

ob·tain

[əbˈteɪn]

( form)

I. vt

▪ to \obtain sth [from sb] (to be given) etw [von jdm] bekommen [o erhalten]; (to go and get) sich dat etw [von jdm] verschaffen

iron is \obtained from iron ore Eisen wird aus Eisenerz gewonnen

to \obtain information sich dat Informationen verschaffen

to \obtain approval eine Genehmigung einholen [o erlangen]

to \obtain permission eine Erlaubnis erhalten

you must first \obtain permission Sie müssen sich erst eine Genehmigung besorgen

impossible to \obtain nicht erhältlich

II. vi conditions herrschen; rules gelten, in Kraft sein

* * *
[əb'teɪn]
1. vt
erhalten, bekommen; result, votes also erzielen; knowledge erwerben
to obtain sth through hard work — etw durch harte Arbeit erreichen; possession sich (dat) etw mühsam erarbeiten

to obtain a divorce — die Scheidung ausgesprochen bekommen

to obtain an injunction — eine einstweilige Verfügung erteilt bekommen

to obtain sth for sb — jdm etw beschaffen or verschaffen

they obtained the release of the hostages — sie erreichten die Freilassung der Geiseln

2. vi (form)
gelten; (rules also) in Kraft sein; (customs) bestehen, herrschen
* * *

obtain [əbˈteın; US auch ɑb-]

A v/t

1. erlangen, erhalten, bekommen, sich etwas verschaffen:

obtain sth by flattery sich etwas erschmeicheln;

obtain sth by false pretences (US pretenses) JUR sich etwas erschleichen;

obtain legal force Rechtskraft erlangen;

details can be obtained from Näheres ist zu erfahren bei;

obtain sth for sb jemandem etwas beschaffen

2. seinen Willen, seine Wünsche etc durchsetzen

3. erreichen

4. WIRTSCH einen Preis erzielen

B v/i

1. (vor)herrschen, bestehen, üblich sein:

the custom obtains es besteht die Sitte, es ist üblich

2. in Geltung sein, Geltung haben, in Kraft sein

3. obs siegen, Erfolg haben

* * *

transitive verb

bekommen [Ware, Information, Hilfe]; erreichen, erzielen [Resultat, Wirkung]; erwerben, erlangen [akademischen Grad]

* * *

v.

aneignen v.

bekommen v.

besorgen v.

erhalten v.

erreichen v.

erwirtschaften v.

erzielen v.

English-german dictionary > obtain
2 obtain a majority of votes

Общая лексика: получить большинство голосов

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > obtain a majority of votes
3 poll

pəul
1. noun
1) (an election: They organized a poll to elect a president.) elecciones, votación

2) (the number of votes: There has been a heavy poll (= a large number of votes).) índice de participación

3) ((also opinion poll) a test of public opinion by asking people questions.) encuesta, sondeo

2. verb
(to receive a number of votes: He polled fifty per cent of the votes.) obtener, recibir

- polling-booth
- polling-station
- go to the polls

poll

tr[pəʊl]

noun

1 (voting) votación nombre femenino; (number of votes cast) votos nombre masculino plural

■ there's been a heavy poll el índice de participación ha sido muy alto

2 (survey) encuesta, sondeo

transitive verb

1 (votes - obtain) obtener

2 (ask opinion) sondear, encuestar

plural noun the polls

1 las elecciones nombre femenino plural, los comicios nombre masculino plural

■ a defeat at the polls una derrota electoral

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to go to the polls acudir a las urnas

to take a poll on something someter algo a votación

poll tax SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL ≈ contribución nombre femenino urbana

poll ['po:l] vt

1) : obtener (votos)

she polled over 1000 votes: obtuvo más de 1000 votos

2) canvass: encuestar, sondear

poll vi

: obtener votos

poll n

1) survey: encuesta f, sondeo m

2) polls npl

: urnas fpl

to go to the polls: acudir a las urnas, ir a votar

poll

n.

• empadronamiento s.m.

• encuesta s.f.

• matrícula s.f.

• padrón s.m.

• urnas electorales s.f.pl.

• votación s.f.

• votos s.m.pl.

v.

• consultar v.

• escrutar v.

• recibir votos v.

• sondear (Teléfono) v.

I pəʊl
noun

1)

a) ( ballot) votación f

to take a poll on something — someter algo a votación

b) ( number of votes cast)

there was a 62% poll — la participación electoral fue de un 62%

c) ( opinion poll) encuesta f (de opinión), sondeo m (de opinión)

2) polls pl ( polling stations)

the polls: to go to the polls — ir* or acudir a las urnas

II

transitive verb

1) ( Pol) \<\<votes\>\> ( obtain) obtener*; ( cast) emitir

2) ( question) \<\<electorate\>\> sondear, encuestar

[pǝʊl]
1. N

1) (=voting) votación f ; (=election) elecciones fpl

in the poll of 1945 — en las elecciones de 1945

a poll was demanded — exigieron una votación, insistieron en que se llevara a cabo una votación

to head the poll — obtener la mayoría de los votos

to take a poll on sth — someter algo a votación

a poll was taken among those present — se llevó a cabo una votación entre los asistentes

2) (=total votes) votos mpl, votación f

there was a poll of 84% — el 84% del electorado acudió a las urnas

the candidate achieved a poll of 5000 votes — el candidato obtuvo 5000 votos

the poll has been a heavy one — ha votado un elevado porcentaje del electorado

3) polls (=voting place) urnas fpl

to go to the polls — acudir a las urnas

4) (=opinion poll) encuesta f, sondeo m ; (Telec) interrogación f

to take a poll — hacer una encuesta
Gallup poll
2. VT

1) [+ votes] obtener

he polled only 50 votes — obtuvo solamente 50 votos

2) (in opinion poll) encuestar

1068 people were polled — encuestaron a 1068 personas

3) (=remove horns from) [+ cattle] descornar

3.

VI

he polled badly — obtuvo pocos votos, tuvo escaso apoyo

we expect to poll well — esperamos obtener muchos votos

4.

CPD

poll rating N — resultado m obtenido en las encuestas

poll taker N — (US) encuestador(a) m / f

poll tax N — (contribución f de) capitación f ; (Brit) (formerly) impuesto m municipal por cabeza

* * *

I [pəʊl]
noun

1)

a) ( ballot) votación f

to take a poll on something — someter algo a votación

b) ( number of votes cast)

there was a 62% poll — la participación electoral fue de un 62%

c) ( opinion poll) encuesta f (de opinión), sondeo m (de opinión)

2) polls pl ( polling stations)

the polls: to go to the polls — ir* or acudir a las urnas

II

transitive verb

1) ( Pol) \<\<votes\>\> ( obtain) obtener*; ( cast) emitir

2) ( question) \<\<electorate\>\> sondear, encuestar

English-spanish dictionary > poll
4 poll

I [pəʊl]
nome

1) (vote casting) votazione f.; (election) elezioni f.pl.; (number of votes cast) voti m.pl.; (counting of votes) scrutinio m., spoglio m. delle schede

a light, heavy poll — una bassa, alta percentuale di votanti

there was a 75% poll — l'affluenza alle urne è stata del 75%

to go to the polls — andare alle urne

a heavy defeat at the polls — una pesante sconfitta alle elezioni

2) (list of voters) lista f. elettorale; (list of taxpayers) lista f. dei contribuenti

3) (survey) sondaggio m. (d'opinione)

a poll of workers — un sondaggio tra i lavoratori
II 1. [pəʊl]
verbo transitivo

1) (obtain in election) ottenere [ votes]

2) (canvass) intervistare [qcn.] per un sondaggio [ group]

3) inform. interrogare
2.
verbo intransitivo (obtain votes)

to poll badly, well — registrare pochi, molti voti

* * *
[pəul] 1. noun
1) (an election: They organized a poll to elect a president.) votazione

2) (the number of votes: There has been a heavy poll (= a large number of votes).) (partecipazione al voto)

3) ((also opinion poll) a test of public opinion by asking people questions.) sondaggio
2. verb
(to receive a number of votes: He polled fifty per cent of the votes.) ottenere (voti)

- polling-booth
- polling-station
- go to the polls
* * *
I [pəʊl]
nome

1) (vote casting) votazione f.; (election) elezioni f.pl.; (number of votes cast) voti m.pl.; (counting of votes) scrutinio m., spoglio m. delle schede

a light, heavy poll — una bassa, alta percentuale di votanti

there was a 75% poll — l'affluenza alle urne è stata del 75%

to go to the polls — andare alle urne

a heavy defeat at the polls — una pesante sconfitta alle elezioni

2) (list of voters) lista f. elettorale; (list of taxpayers) lista f. dei contribuenti

3) (survey) sondaggio m. (d'opinione)

a poll of workers — un sondaggio tra i lavoratori
II 1. [pəʊl]
verbo transitivo

1) (obtain in election) ottenere [ votes]

2) (canvass) intervistare [qcn.] per un sondaggio [ group]

3) inform. interrogare
2.
verbo intransitivo (obtain votes)

to poll badly, well — registrare pochi, molti voti

English-Italian dictionary > poll
5 poll

1. noun
1) (voting) Abstimmung, die; (to elect somebody) Wahl, die; (result of vote) Abstimmungsergebnis, das/Wahlergebnis, das; (number of votes) Wahlbeteiligung, die

take a poll — abstimmen lassen; eine Abstimmung durchführen

at the poll[s] — bei den Wahlen

go to the poll — seine Stimme abgeben; zur Wahl gehen

a heavy/light or low poll — eine starke/geringe od. niedrige Wahlbeteiligung

2) (survey of opinion) Umfrage, die
2. transitive verb
1) (take vote[s] of) abstimmen/wählen lassen

2) (take opinion of) befragen; (take survey of) [demoskopisch] erforschen

3) (obtain in poll) erhalten [Stimmen]

* * *
[pəul] 1. noun
1) (an election: They organized a poll to elect a president.) die Abstimmung

2) (the number of votes: There has been a heavy poll (= a large number of votes).) die Wahlbeteiligung

3) ((also opinion poll) a test of public opinion by asking people questions.) die Umfrage
2. verb
(to receive a number of votes: He polled fifty per cent of the votes.) erhalten

- academic.ru/117948/polling-booth">polling-booth
- polling-station
- go to the polls
* * *

poll

[pəʊl, AM poʊl]

I. n

1. (voting) Abstimmung f; (public survey) Erhebung f

a [public] opinion \poll eine [öffentliche] Meinungsumfrage

the latest opinion \poll gives the Democrats a clear lead einer neueren Meinungsumfrage zufolge liegen die Demokraten klar in Führung

to conduct [or carry out] [or take] a \poll eine Umfrage machen

2. (voting places)

▪ the \polls pl die Wahllokale pl

to go to the \polls wählen [gehen]

3. (result of vote) [Wähler]stimmen pl

to head the \poll in Führung liegen

4. (number of votes cast) Wahlbeteiligung f

a heavy/light \poll eine hohe/geringe Wahlbeteiligung

II. vt

1. (canvass in poll)

▪ to \poll sb jdn befragen

half the people \polled said... die Hälfte der befragten Leute gab an, dass...

2. (receive)

▪ to \poll sth:

the party \polled 67% of the vote die Partei hat 67 % der Stimmen erhalten

3. AGR (remove horns)

▪ to \poll an animal ein Tier kappen fachspr

4. COMPUT

▪ to \poll sth etw abrufen

* * *
[pəʊl]
1. n

1) (POL) (= voting) Abstimmung f; (= election) Wahl f

a poll was taken among the villagers — unter den Dorfbewohnern wurde abgestimmt

to head the poll — bei der Wahl führen

poll of polls — ≈ Politbarometer nt

2) (= total of votes cast) Wahlbeteiligung f; (for individual candidate) Stimmenanteil m

there was an 84% poll — die Wahlbeteiligung betrug 84%

they got 34% of the poll — sie bekamen 34% der Stimmen

3)

to go to the polls — wählen gehen, zur Wahl gehen

a crushing defeat at the polls — eine vernichtende Niederlage bei den Wahlen, eine vernichtende Wahlniederlage

a photograph of X at the polls — ein Foto von X bei der Stimmabgabe

4) (= opinion poll) Umfrage f

a telephone poll — eine telefonische Abstimmung

to take a poll (of 3,000 people) — (3000 Personen) abstimmen lassen

5) (old: head esp back of head) Schädel m

2. vt

1) votes erhalten, auf sich (acc) vereinigen

2) (in opinion poll) befragen

40% of those polled supported the Government — 40% der Befragten waren für die Regierung

3) horns, trees stutzen

polled cattle — Rinder mit gestutzten Hörnern

4) (COMPUT, INTERNET) pollen

3. vi

1)

he polled badly (in the election) —

the nationalists polled well — die Nationalisten erhielten bei der Wahl viele Stimmen, die Nationalisten schnitten bei der Wahl gut ab

2) (COMPUT, INTERNET) pollen

* * *

poll¹ [pəʊl]

A s

1. besonders ZOOL Hinterkopf m

2. breites, flaches Ende (eines Hammers etc)

3. (Einzel)Person f

4. POL Wahl f, Stimmabgabe f, Abstimmung f:

heavy (poor) poll starke (geringe) Wahlbeteiligung

5. Stimm(en)zählung f

6. a) Wählerliste f

b) Steuerliste f

7. Wahlergebnis n, Stimmenzahl f

8. US meist pl Wahllokal n:

go to the polls zur Wahl gehen

9. (Ergebnis n einer) (Meinungs)Umfrage f:

do a poll eine Meinungsumfrage durchführen

B v/t

1. Haar etc stutzen, ein Tier, Haare etc scheren

2. einen Baum kappen, eine Pflanze köpfen, einem Rind die Hörner stutzen

3. JUR eine Urkunde gleichmäßig (ohne Indentation) zuschneiden

4. in eine Wähler- oder Steuerliste eintragen

5. Wahlstimmen

a) erhalten, auf sich vereinigen (Wahlkandidat)

b) abgeben (Wähler)

6. die Bevölkerung befragen

7. IT Terminals etc zyklisch abfragen oder abrufen

C v/i wählen, abstimmen, seine Stimme abgeben:

poll for stimmen für

poll² [pɒl; US pɑl] → polly

* * *
1. noun
1) (voting) Abstimmung, die; (to elect somebody) Wahl, die; (result of vote) Abstimmungsergebnis, das/Wahlergebnis, das; (number of votes) Wahlbeteiligung, die

take a poll — abstimmen lassen; eine Abstimmung durchführen

at the poll[s] — bei den Wahlen

go to the poll — seine Stimme abgeben; zur Wahl gehen

a heavy/light or low poll — eine starke/geringe od. niedrige Wahlbeteiligung

2) (survey of opinion) Umfrage, die
2. transitive verb
1) (take vote[s] of) abstimmen/wählen lassen

2) (take opinion of) befragen; (take survey of) [demoskopisch] erforschen

3) (obtain in poll) erhalten [Stimmen]

* * *

n.

Abstimmung f. (Comp.) v.

pollen v.

English-german dictionary > poll
6 win

I [wɪn]
nome

1) (victory) vittoria f.

to have a win over sb. in sth. — riportare una vittoria su qcn. in qcs

2) (successful bet) vincita f.

to have a win on the horses — vincere alle corse dei cavalli
II 1. [wɪn]
verbo transitivo ( forma in -ing - nn-; pass., p.pass. won)

1) vincere [battle, match, bet, money, election]; riportare [ victory]; pol. conquistare [votes, seat]

2) (acquire) ottenere [ reprieve] ( from da); conquistare [heart, friendship, admiration] ( from di); attirare [ sympathy]; procurarsi [ support] (of di)

to win sb.'s respect — ottenere il rispetto di qcn
2.
verbo intransitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - nn-; pass., p.pass. won) vincere

to win by two goals — vincere con due gol di scarto

you win! — (in argument) mi hai convinto!

win or lose, the discussions have been valuable — comunque vada a finire, le discussioni sono state proficue

it's a win or lose situation — ci si gioca il tutto per tutto

- win back

- win out

- win over

- win through

••

win some, lose some — a volte si vince, a volte si perde

* * *
[win] 1. present participle - winning; verb
1) (to obtain (a victory) in a contest; to succeed in coming first in (a contest), usually by one's own efforts: He won a fine victory in the election; Who won the war/match?; He won the bet; He won (the race) in a fast time / by a clear five metres.) vincere

2) (to obtain (a prize) in a competition etc, usually by luck: to win first prize; I won $5 in the crossword competition.) vincere

3) (to obtain by one's own efforts: He won her respect over a number of years.) ottenere
2. noun
(a victory or success: She's had two wins in four races.) vittoria

- winner
- winning
- winning-post
- win over
- win the day
- win through
* * *
win /wɪn/
n. (fam.)

1 vittoria; successo; trionfo: a home win, una vittoria in casa; una vittoria interna

2 (pl.) (fam.) vincita; somma vinta

● ( boxe, ecc.) win by default, vittoria per abbandono (o per rinuncia, o per forfait) □ ( lotta) win by fall, vittoria per schienata □ ( boxe) win on points, vittoria ai punti □ (fam.) win-win, favorevole a tutti: win-win situation, situazione in cui tutti ricavano un qualche vantaggio
winless
a.

(spec. sport) senza vittorie: a winless season, una stagione senza vittorie.
♦ (to) win /wɪn/
(pass. e p. p. won), v. t. e i.

1 vincere; essere vittorioso; conquistare: to win a bet [a battle], vincere una scommessa [una battaglia]; (leg.) to win a case, vincere una causa; to win at cards, vincere alle carte; to win fame [a fortress], conquistare la fama [una fortezza]; to win narrowly, vincere di stretta misura; I won twenty pounds from him at poker, gli ho vinto venti sterline a poker

2 guadagnare; ottenere; procurarsi; raggiungere (con sforzo): (polit.) a bid to win votes, un tentativo di guadagnare voti; to win one's bread, guadagnarsi il pane; (lett.) to win a lady's hand, ottenere la mano di una donna; to win a prize [an award], ottenere un premio [una ricompensa]; to win the summit [the shore], guadagnare (o raggiungere) la cima [la riva]

3 convincere; persuadere; ottenere il favore di; accattivarsi: (form.) to win all hearts, ottenere il favore di tutti; accattivarsi la simpatia di tutti

4 (ind. min.) estrarre ( minerali)

5 ( sport: calcio, ecc.) vincere; ottenere ( una vittoria); fare, realizzare ( punti); guadagnare ( una rimessa laterale, ecc.); subire ( un fallo): to win a race [a match, a competition], vincere una corsa [una partita, una gara]; ( rugby) to win a scrum, vincere una mischia

● ( sport) to win the ball, conquistare la palla □ to win a contract, vincere una gara d'appalto; ottenere un appalto (o un contratto) □ ( sport) to win a foul, guadagnare un fallo □ to win free, averla vinta; spuntarla □ to win a friend [an ally, a supporter], farsi un amico [un alleato, un sostenitore] □ (fam.) to win hands down, vincere senza fatica □ to win on one's own merit, vincere per merito proprio □ to win a point, segnare un punto a proprio vantaggio □ (polit.) to win power, andare al potere; conquistare la maggioranza □ to win one's spurs, (stor.) guadagnarsi gli speroni, esser fatto cavaliere; (fig.) ottenere il riconoscimento dei propri meriti □ to win the toss, ( sport) vincere il sorteggio; (fig.) avere la prima mossa □ to let sb. win, lasciar vincere q. □ (prov.) Let those laugh who win, ride bene chi ride ultimo.

* * *
I [wɪn]
nome

1) (victory) vittoria f.

to have a win over sb. in sth. — riportare una vittoria su qcn. in qcs

2) (successful bet) vincita f.

to have a win on the horses — vincere alle corse dei cavalli
II 1. [wɪn]
verbo transitivo ( forma in -ing - nn-; pass., p.pass. won)

1) vincere [battle, match, bet, money, election]; riportare [ victory]; pol. conquistare [votes, seat]

2) (acquire) ottenere [ reprieve] ( from da); conquistare [heart, friendship, admiration] ( from di); attirare [ sympathy]; procurarsi [ support] (of di)

to win sb.'s respect — ottenere il rispetto di qcn
2.
verbo intransitivo (forma in -ing ecc. - nn-; pass., p.pass. won) vincere

to win by two goals — vincere con due gol di scarto

you win! — (in argument) mi hai convinto!

win or lose, the discussions have been valuable — comunque vada a finire, le discussioni sono state proficue

it's a win or lose situation — ci si gioca il tutto per tutto

- win back

- win out

- win over

- win through

••

win some, lose some — a volte si vince, a volte si perde

English-Italian dictionary > win
7 poll

poll [pəʊl]

1. noun

   a. ( = opinion survey) sondage m

• (public) opinion poll sondage m d'opinion

• to conduct a poll effectuer un sondage (of auprès de)

• a telephone poll un sondage téléphonique

   b. ( = votes cast) suffrages mpl

• the conservatives' highest poll for ten years le meilleur score des conservateurs en dix ans

   c. ► the polls ( = election) scrutin m

• the polls have now closed le scrutin est clos

• to go to the polls aller aux urnes

• a crushing defeat at the polls une écrasante défaite aux élections

2. transitive verb

[+ votes] obtenir ; [+ people] interroger

• they polled the students to find out whether... ils ont effectué un sondage auprès des étudiants pour savoir si...

• 40% of those polled supported the government 40 % des personnes interrogées étaient favorables au gouvernement

3. intransitive verb

• the nationalists polled well les nationalistes ont obtenu un bon score

4. compounds

► poll taker noun (US) sondeur m

► poll tax noun (British) (formerly) ≈ impôts mpl locaux

* * *
[pəʊl] 1.
noun

1) ( vote casting) scrutin m, vote m; ( election) élections fpl; ( number of votes cast) voix fpl

the result of the poll — les résultats du scrutin

to go to the polls — se rendre aux urnes

a heavy defeat at the polls — une lourde défaite aux élections

2) ( list of voters) liste f électorale; ( list of taxpayers) liste f de contribuables

3) ( survey) sondage m (on sur)

a poll of teachers — un sondage effectué auprès des enseignants
2.
transitive verb

1) ( obtain in election) obtenir [votes]

2) ( canvass) interroger [group]

3) Computing interroger
3.
intransitive verb ( obtain votes)

to poll badly/well — recueillir peu de/beaucoup de voix

English-French dictionary > poll
8 vote

1.
1) голосование; баллотировка

2) голос; право голоса

3) вотум

•

to abstain in a vote — воздерживаться при голосовании

to achieve a vote of confidence from smb — добиваться вотума доверия у кого-л.

to appeal for vote — призывать избирателей отдать голос кандидату

to apply for a postal vote — подавать заявление о желании голосовать по почте

to approve smth by vote — одобрять что-л. открытым голосованием

to ask for a vote article by article — требовать голосования по статьям

to attract votes — привлекать голоса

to attract small percentage of the votes — собирать небольшой процент голосов

to be two votes short of outright victory — недобрать двух голосов до полной победы

to be within two votes of the necessary figure — недобрать двух голосов до необходимой цифры

to boost smb's votes — увеличивать число голосов за кого-л.

to call for a vote of confidence — ставить вопрос о доверии

to campaign for a "no" vote — вести кампанию за отрицательное голосование ( в ходе референдума)

to cancel a vote — отменять голосование / баллотировку

to canvass votes — собирать голоса (перед выборами)

to capture the votes — получать голоса избирателей

to carry a vote of confidence — принимать вотум доверия

to carry the great majority vote — получать относительное большинство голосов

to cast a vote — голосовать

to cast a dissenting vote — выражать несогласие

to cast one's vote for / in favor of smb — голосовать / отдавать свой голос за кого-л.

to change one's vote — изменять свое голосование

to choose smb by 30 votes to 20 — избрать кого-л. тридцатью голосами против двадцати

to come up for a vote — поступать на голосование

to confirm a vote — подтверждать результаты голосования

to corral almost all the black votes — разг. получать голоса почти всего чернокожего населения

to count the votes — подсчитывать голоса

to court smb's votes — добиваться чьих-л. голосов

to decide smth by a majority vote — решать что-л. большинством голосов

to declare a vote to be final — утверждать результаты голосования

to declare a vote unconstitutional — объявлять голосование незаконным

to declare the vote closed — объявлять о прекращении голосования

to declare the vote invalid — объявлять голосование недействительным

to defeat the opposition move by 30 votes — отвергать предложение оппозиции 30 голосами

to defer a vote — откладывать / переносить голосование

to disrupt the vote — срывать выборы

to double one's share of the votes — собирать вдвое больше голосов (чем, напр. на предыдущих выборах)

to elect smb by direct vote — избирать кого-л. прямым голосованием

to enter a name in the vote list / roll — вносить кого-л. в список избирателей

to exercise one's vote — воспользоваться своим избирательным правом

to explain one's vote — выступать по мотивам голосования

to face a vote of confidence — сталкиваться с необходимостью получить вотум доверия

to fail to win enough votes — не набирать достаточного количества голосов

to gain a vote of confidence — получать вотум доверия

to gather the votes of smb — собирать / заполучать чьи-л. голоса

to get a "yes" vote — добиваться голосования "за"

to get the vote — набирать нужное число голосов; побеждать на выборах

to get two thirds of the votes — собирать две три голосов

to give a casting vote — подавать голос, дающий перевес; подавать решающий голос

to give a resounding vote of confidence — выражать кому-л. убедительный вотум доверия

to give one's vote to smth — отдавать свой голос за что-л.

to go back upon a vote — оспаривать правомочность голосования

to go to a vote — поступать на голосование

to have a casting vote — иметь перевес в один голос

to have a simple "yes"-or-"no" vote — проводить простой референдум, варианты ответа при котором только "да" или "нет"

to have the right to vote — обладать избирательным правом; иметь право голоса

to hold a vote — проводить голосование

to increase one's share of the votes — увеличивать процент собранных голосов

to influence the outcome of the votes — влиять на исход голосования

to interrupt a vote — прерывать голосование

to line up votes — собирать голоса

to look to smb for vote — рассчитывать на чьи-л. голоса

to lose one's Assembly vote — лишать права голоса в Генеральной Ассамблее ООН

to master sufficient vote — набирать достаточное число голосов

to match the aspirations of vote — удовлетворять чаяния избирателей

to move that a separate vote be taken — требовать отдельного голосования

to nullify the result of the vote — аннулировать результаты голосования

to obtain an absolute majority of vote — получать абсолютное большинство голосов

to pass a vote by a show of hands — принимать что-л. открытым голосованием

to pass a vote of censure — выносить порицание

to pass a vote of no-confidence — выражать вотум недоверия

to peel off smb's vote — отколоть часть голосов избирателей, ранее голосовавших за кого-л.

to poll vote — набирать голоса на выборах

to poll 43 per cent of the vote — набрать 43% голосов

to postpone a vote — откладывать / переносить голосование

to proceed to the vote on smth — приступать к голосованию по какому-л. вопросу

to propose a vote of no-confidence in smb — предлагать выразить недоверие кому-л.

to push an issue to a vote — настаивать на голосовании по какому-л. вопросу

to push off / to put off a vote — откладывать голосование

to put a vote through — проводить нужную кандидатуру в результате голосования

to put smth to a vote — ставить что-л. на голосование

to put the "yes" vote well behind the "no" vote — собирать намного больше голосов "против", чем голосов "за"

to put to the vote as a whole — ставить на общее голосование

to put to the vote in parts — ставить на голосование по частям

to put to the separate vote — ставить на раздельное голосование

to record the vote — регистрировать результаты голосования

to reverse a vote — голосовать за решение, обратное принятому в результате предыдущего голосования

to rig the vote — фальсифицировать результаты выборов

to secure the vote of smb — заручаться чьими-л. голосами

to seek a vote of confidence (from) — стремиться получить вотум доверия (от)

to split (up) the vote — приводить к разделению голосов

to stand by one's vote — подтверждать результаты своего голосования

to stick to the original vote — подтверждать результаты первоначального голосования

to strengthen smb's vote — увеличивать число голосов, поданных за кого-л.

to submit oneself to a vote of confidence — ставить вопрос о вотуме доверия в отношении своей политики

to survive a vote of no-confidence — едва уцелеть при вотуме недоверия

to swing the vote — приводить к перераспределению голосов

to swivel a crucial vote of confidence in parliament — удержаться у власти при решающем вотуме доверия в парламенте

to table a vote of no-confidence — вносить вотум недоверия

to take a vote on smth — голосовать / проводить голосование по какому-л. вопросу

to take a formal vote — проводить официальное голосование

to take count of vote — производить подсчет голосов

to take decisions by majority vote — принимать решения большинством голосов

to take no part in a vote — не участвовать в голосовании

to take part in a vote — участвовать в голосовании

to tally the vote — вести подсчет голосов, подсчитывать голоса

to tip the electoral vote to smb — склонять симпатии избирателей в чью-л. пользу

to transfer smb's vote to — переносить полученные кем-л. голоса на...

to trigger a vote — служить толчком к голосованию

to undergo a vote of confidence — проходить через процедуру вотума доверия

to win vote — завоевывать голоса ( избирателей)

to win a popular vote — получать большинство голосов избирателей

to win over the Asian vote — обеспечивать себе голоса выходцев из азиатских стран

- no vote
- yes vote
- 3000 electorate are still undecided how to cast their votes
- absentee vote
- act of vote
- affirmative vote
- annual vote
- binding vote
- black votes
- bloc votes
- block vote
- bull vote
- bullet vote
- by direct vote
- calling for a postponement of the vote
- cemetery vote
- chase for vote
- clean vote
- close vote
- clothespin vote
- collapse of the vote for a party
- complimentary vote
- compromise vote
- conclusion of the vote
- concurring votes
- confidence vote
- confirmation vote
- conservative votes
- convincing vote
- counting of votes

- critical vote
- crossover vote
- crucial vote
- direct vote
- dissenting vote
- division of votes
- early vote
- electoral college vote
- electoral vote
- eligible to vote
- equality of vote
- equally divided votes
- explanation of vote after
- explanation of vote before
- fair count of votes
- final vote
- floating votes
- free vote
- heavy vote
- if the vote goes against him
- in pursuit of votes
- inconclusive vote
- ineligible to vote
- it will lose them votes
- majority vote
- massive no vote
- minority vote
- nationwide vote
- negative vote
- no-confidence vote
- non-recorded vote
- number of votes
- open vote
- opposition vote
- outcome of the vote
- overwhelming vote
- party-line vote
- payroll vote
- plural vote
- popular vote
- postal vote
- primary votes
- protest vote
- proxy vote
- recorded vote
- rejection as the result of an equal vote
- rerun of a vote
- rising vote
- roll-call vote
- secret vote
- separated vote
- silent votes
- skewed vote
- soft votes
- solid votes
- straw vote
- strong female votes
- swing votes
- the casting vote
- the die was cast for a vote of no-confidence
- the opposition vote was split
- there is equality of vote
- ticket vote
- tie vote
- token vote
- unanimous vote
- validly cast votes
- vendible votes
- voice vote
- vote and proceedings
- vote article by article
- vote at the rostrum
- vote by yes and no
- vote by a tiny margin
- vote by cards
- vote by correspondence
- vote by proxy
- vote by roll-call
- vote by secret ballot
- vote by show of hands
- vote by sitting and standing
- vote cast against smb
- vote cast for favor of smb
- vote cast in favor of smb
- vote cast
- vote ended in defeat
- vote for change
- vote for more of the same
- vote in the normal way
- vote is not binding
- vote is not conclusive
- vote is taking place in a climate of nervousness
- vote of censure
- vote of confidence in smb
- vote of no confidence in the President
- vote of thanks
- vote on defense
- vote on the floor
- vote puts the party narrowly forward of its rivals
- vote without debate
- votes are being counted
- white votes
- without a vote
- write-in vote 2. v
голосовать; баллотировать

to be deprived of the right to vote — быть лишенным избирательных прав

to be entitled to vote — обладать избирательным правом, иметь право голоса

to vote smb back in — снова избирать кого-л.

to vote a party into power — приводить партию к власти в результате выборов

to vote according to smb's conscience — голосовать так, как велит / подсказывает совесть

to vote against smb — голосовать против кого-л.

to vote article by article — голосовать отдельно по статьям, проводить постатейное голосование

to vote by "yes" and "no" — голосовать ответом "да" или "нет"

to vote by a big majority to do smth — принимать решение сделать что-л. значительным большинством голосов

to vote by ballot — баллотировать

to vote by mail — голосовать по почте

to vote by an overwhelming margin — голосовать подавляющим большинством

to vote by post — голосовать по почте

to vote by proxy — голосовать по доверенности

to vote by roll-call — голосовать поименно; проводить поименное голосование

to vote by secret ballot — решать тайным голосованием

to vote by show of hands — голосовать поднятием рук

to vote by sitting and standing — голосовать вставанием

to vote conservative — брит. голосовать за консерваторов

to vote for a new parliament — выбирать новый состав парламента

to vote for the draft resolution — голосовать за проект резолюции

to vote green — голосовать за партию "зеленых"

to vote heavily against smb — голосовать значительным большинством голосов против кого-л.

to vote in favor — голосовать за

to vote in person — голосовать лично

to vote in secret — проводить тайное голосование

to vote in the affirmative — голосовать "за"

to vote in the first round of the presidential election — голосовать в первом туре президентских выборов

to vote in the negative — голосовать против

to vote into a committee — избирать кого-л. в члены комитета

to vote labour — брит. голосовать за лейбористов

to vote left — голосовать за левых

to vote Mr. X. — голосовать за г-на Х.

to vote narrowly against smth — голосовать / принимать решение незначительным большинством голосов

to vote narrowly for / in favor of smth — голосовать за что-л. незначительным большинством

to vote on a new constitution — участвовать в голосовании по проекту новой конституции

to vote on the motion as a whole — голосовать по ходатайству в целом

to vote oneself out of existence / to vote oneself out of office — голосовать за самороспуск

to vote overwhelmingly against smth — голосовать подавляющим большинством против чего-л.

to vote smb back as mayor — снова избирать кого-л. мэром

to vote smb back into office — переизбирать кого-л. на еще один срок

to vote smb down — забаллотировать кого-л.

to vote smb in — избирать кого-л. на какой-л. пост

to vote smb into parliament — избирать кого-л. в парламент

to vote smb out — отстранять кого-л. от власти, смещать кого-л. в результате выборов

to vote smth down — отклонять / проваливать что-л. в результате голосования

to vote the straight ticket — полит. жарг. голосовать за всех кандидатов, выдвинутых партией

to vote through — проводить путем голосования

to vote unanimously — голосовать единогласно

to vote viva voce — голосовать устно

to vote without debate — голосовать без прений

- voted by acclamation
- Which way to vote?

Politics english-russian dictionary > vote
9 secure

si'kjuə
1. adjective
1) ((often with against or from) safe; free from danger, loss etc: Is your house secure against burglary?; He went on holiday, secure in the knowledge that he had done well in the exam.) seguro

2) (firm, fastened, or fixed: Is that door secure?) firme

3) (definite; not likely to be lost: She has had a secure offer of a job; He has a secure job.) seguro

2. verb
1) ((with against or from (something bad)) to guarantee or make safe: Keep your jewellery in the bank to secure it against theft.) proteger

2) (to fasten or make firm: He secured the boat with a rope.) sujetar, atar, amarrar

•

- securely
- security
- security risk

secure adj

1. seguro

a secure job un trabajo seguro

2. firme / bien sujeto

is this shelf secure ¿esta estantería está firme?

secure

tr[sɪ'kjʊə^SMALLr/SMALL]

adjective

1 (job, income, etc) seguro,-a; (relationship etc) estable

■ he wanted a nice secure job quería un trabajo bueno y seguro

■ you have a secure future here tiene el futuro asegurado aquí

2 (ladder, shelf, foothold) firme; (stronghold) seguro,-a; (window, door) bien cerrado,-a; (rope, knot) seguro,-a, bien sujeto,-a; (base, foundation) sólido,-a

transitive verb

1 (make safe) asegurar; (protect) salvaguardar, proteger ( from, de), ( against, contra)

2 (fasten - rope, knot) sujetar, fijar; (- window, door, etc) asegurar, cerrar bien

3 (obtain) obtener, conseguir

4 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL (loan) garantizar, avalar

secure [sɪ'kjʊr] vt, - cured ; - curing

1) fasten: asegurar (una puerta, etc.), sujetar

2) get: conseguir

secure adj, - curer ; - est : seguro

♦ securely adv

secure

adj.

• a salvo adj.

• fijo, -a adj.

• firme adj.

• seguro, -a adj.

v.

• afianzar v.

• afirmar v.

• amarrar v.

• asegurar v.

• asentar v.

• conseguir v.

• fijar v.

• obtener v.

(§pres: -tengo, -tienes...-tenemos) pret: -tuv-

fut/c: -tendr-•)

• segurar v.

• sujetar v.

sɪ'kjʊr, sɪ'kjʊə(r)
I

adjective

1)

a) ( safe) <fortress/hideaway> seguro

his future is secure — tiene el futuro asegurado

to make something secure against something — proteger* algo contra algo

b) ( emotionally) <childhood/home/relationship> estable

c) (assured, guaranteed) <job/income/investment> seguro

to be financially secure — tener* seguridad económica

2) (firm, firmly fastened) <foothold/shelf> firme; < foundation> sólido

is the rope secure? — ¿está bien sujeta la cuerda?

to make something secure — asegurar algo

II
1.

transitive verb

1) ( obtain) \<\<ticket/job/votes/support\>\> conseguir*, obtener* (frml)

to secure somebody's release — conseguir* la libertad de alguien

2) (fasten, fix firmly) \<\<door/gate/shelf\>\> asegurar

3) ( Fin) \<\<loan\>\> garantizar*

a secured loan — un préstamo con garantía

4) ( make safe)

to secure something (AGAINST something) — \<\<area/building\>\> proteger* or fortificar* algo (contra algo)

2.

vi

to secure AGAINST something — protegerse* contra algo

[sɪ'kjʊǝ(r)]
1. ADJ

1) (=firm, solid) [knot, rope, hold] seguro; [door, window, lock, bolt] bien cerrado; [structure, foothold] firme; [ladder] bien sujeto; [base, foundation] sólido

to have a secure foothold in a market — tener un punto de apoyo firme en un mercado

2) (=safe) [job, place, building] seguro; [position] garantizado; [career, future] asegurado

• to be financially secure — tener seguridad económica

• to be secure from or against sth — estar protegido contra algo

• I want to make my home secure against burglars — quiero proteger mi casa contra los ladrones

to make an area secure — hacer de una zona un lugar seguro

3) (emotionally) [person] seguro; [relationship, environment] estable

children need a secure home life — los niños necesitan un ambiente estable en el hogar

• to be emotionally secure — tener estabilidad emocional

• to feel secure (about sth) — sentirse seguro (con respecto a algo)

to make sb feel secure — hacer a algn sentirse seguro

• secure in the knowledge that — seguro de que, confiado de que

2. VT

1) (=make fast) [+ rope] sujetar bien; (to floor etc) afianzar; [+ load] asegurar; [+ door, window] cerrar bien; (=tie up) [+ person, animal] atar, amarrar (LAm)

a shawl secured at the neck by a brooch — un chal sujeto a la altura del cuello con un broche

2) (=make safe) [+ home, building] proteger ( against de, contra) ( from de, contra); [+ career, future] asegurar

3) frm (=obtain) [+ job, peace, freedom, support] conseguir, obtener

• they have not got enough evidence to secure a conviction — no tienen suficientes pruebas para conseguir que lo condenen

• a win that secured them a place in the final — una victoria que les aseguró un puesto en la final

• to secure victory — conseguir la victoria

4) (Econ) [+ loan, debt] garantizar

• you can secure the loan against your home — puedes poner la casa como garantía or aval del préstamo

• secured creditor — acreedor(a) m / f con garantía

• secured debt — deuda f garantizada

• secured loan — préstamo m con garantía

5) (Mil) (=capture) tomar, capturar

3.

CPD

secure accommodation N — (Brit) (Jur) centro de prevención contra la delincuencia

secure unit N — (Brit) (for young offenders, mental patients) unidad f de seguridad

* * *
[sɪ'kjʊr, sɪ'kjʊə(r)]
I

adjective

1)

a) ( safe) <fortress/hideaway> seguro

his future is secure — tiene el futuro asegurado

to make something secure against something — proteger* algo contra algo

b) ( emotionally) <childhood/home/relationship> estable

c) (assured, guaranteed) <job/income/investment> seguro

to be financially secure — tener* seguridad económica

2) (firm, firmly fastened) <foothold/shelf> firme; < foundation> sólido

is the rope secure? — ¿está bien sujeta la cuerda?

to make something secure — asegurar algo

II
1.

transitive verb

1) ( obtain) \<\<ticket/job/votes/support\>\> conseguir*, obtener* (frml)

to secure somebody's release — conseguir* la libertad de alguien

2) (fasten, fix firmly) \<\<door/gate/shelf\>\> asegurar

3) ( Fin) \<\<loan\>\> garantizar*

a secured loan — un préstamo con garantía

4) ( make safe)

to secure something (AGAINST something) — \<\<area/building\>\> proteger* or fortificar* algo (contra algo)

2.

vi

to secure AGAINST something — protegerse* contra algo

English-spanish dictionary > secure
10 poll

poll

A n

1 ( vote casting) scrutin m, vote m ; ( election) élections fpl ; ( number of votes cast) voix fpl, suffrages mpl ; ( counting of votes) dépouillement m (du scrutin) ; to take a poll on procéder à un vote sur ; on the eve of the poll à la veille des élections ; the result of the poll les résultats du scrutin ; to top ou head the poll arriver en tête du scrutin ; they got 45% of the poll ils ont obtenu 45% des suffrages exprimés ; a light/heavy poll une faible/forte participation électorale ; there was a 75% poll le taux de participation aux élections a été de l'ordre de 75% ; to go to the polls se rendre aux urnes ; the party sustained a heavy defeat at the polls le parti a subi une lourde défaite aux élections ;

2 ( list of voters) liste f électorale ; ( list of taxpayers) liste f de contribuables ;

3 ( survey) sondage m (on sur) ; to conduct a poll effectuer un sondage ; a poll of teachers/workers un sondage effectué auprès des enseignants/ouvriers.

B vtr

1 ( obtain in election) obtenir [votes] ;

2 ( canvass) interroger [group] ; a majority of those polled were against censorship une majorité des personnes interrogées étaient contre la censure ;

3 Comput interroger.

C vi

1 ( obtain votes) to poll badly/well recueillir peu de/beaucoup de voix ;

2 ( cast vote) voter.

Big English-French dictionary > poll
11 canvass

'kænvəs
verb

(to go round (an area) asking (people) for (support, votes, custom etc): We're canvassing for the Conservative Party candidate.) hacer propaganda, hacer campaña

- canvasser

canvass

tr['kænvəs]

intransitive verb

1 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL hacer propaganda electoral ( for, a favor de), hacer campaña ( for, a favor de)

transitive verb

1 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL (try to obtain - support, vote) solicitar, tratar de conseguir, tratar de obtener

2 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL (ask - opinion) sondear, hacer un sondeo de

3 (idea, plan) proponer, presentar

canvass ['kænvəs] vt

1) solicit: solicitar votos o pedidos de, acer campaña entre

2) sound out: sondear (opiniones, etc.)

canvass n

survey: sondeo m, encuesta f

canvass

n.

• escrutinio s.m.

• sondeo s.m.

v.

• escudriñar v.

• sondear v.

'kænvəs
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) ( Pol)

to canvass voters in an area — hacer* campaña entre los votantes de una zona

b) \<\<opinion\>\> sondear, hacer* un sondeo de

2) ( scrutinize) (AmE)

to canvass the votes — hacer* el escrutinio de los votos

2.

vi ( Pol) hacer* campaña, hacer* propaganda electoral

to canvass FOR somebody — hacer* campaña a or en favor de alguien

['kænvǝs]
1. VT

1) (Pol) [+ district] hacer campaña en; [+ voters] solicitar el voto de; [+ votes] solicitar

2) (US) [+ votes] escudriñar

3) (Comm) [+ district, opinions] sondear; [+ orders] solicitar; [+ purchaser] solicitar pedidos de

4) (=discuss) [+ possibility, question] discutir, someter a debate

2. VI

1) (Pol) solicitar votos, hacer campaña ( for a favor de)

2) (Comm) buscar clientes

3. N

1) (Pol) (for votes) solicitación f

to make a door-to-door canvass — ir solicitando votos de puerta en puerta

2) (Comm) (=inquiry) sondeo m

* * *
['kænvəs]
1.

transitive verb

1)

a) ( Pol)

to canvass voters in an area — hacer* campaña entre los votantes de una zona

b) \<\<opinion\>\> sondear, hacer* un sondeo de

2) ( scrutinize) (AmE)

to canvass the votes — hacer* el escrutinio de los votos

2.

vi ( Pol) hacer* campaña, hacer* propaganda electoral

to canvass FOR somebody — hacer* campaña a or en favor de alguien

English-spanish dictionary > canvass
12 secure

1. adjective
1) (safe) sicher

secure against burglars/fire — gegen Einbruch/Feuer geschützt; einbruch-/feuersicher

make something secure from attack/enemies — etwas gegen Angriffe/Feinde sichern

2) (firmly fastened) fest

be secure — [Ladung:] gesichert sein; [Riegel, Tür:] fest zu sein; [Tür:] ver- od. zugeriegelt sein; [Schraube:] fest sein od. sitzen

make something secure — etwas sichern

3) (untroubled) sicher, gesichert [Existenz]

feel secure — sich sicher od. geborgen fühlen

secure in the knowledge that... — in dem sicheren Bewusstsein, dass...
2. transitive verb
1) (obtain) sichern ( for Dat.); beschaffen [Auftrag] ( for Dat.); (for oneself) sich (Dat.) sichern

2) (confine) fesseln [Gefangenen]; (in container) einschließen [Wertsachen]; (fasten firmly) sichern, fest zumachen [Fenster, Tür]; festmachen [Boot] (to an + Dat.)

3) (guarantee) absichern [Darlehen]

* * *
[si'kjuə] 1. adjective
1) ((often with against or from) safe; free from danger, loss etc: Is your house secure against burglary?; He went on holiday, secure in the knowledge that he had done well in the exam.) sicher

2) (firm, fastened, or fixed: Is that door secure?) fest

3) (definite; not likely to be lost: She has had a secure offer of a job; He has a secure job.) gesichert
2. verb
1) ((with against or from (something bad)) to guarantee or make safe: Keep your jewellery in the bank to secure it against theft.) schützen

2) (to fasten or make firm: He secured the boat with a rope.) sichern

•

- academic.ru/91361/securely">securely
- security
- security risk
* * *

se·cure

[sɪˈkjʊəʳ, AM -ˈkjʊr]

I. adj

<-r, -st or more \secure, the most \secure>

1. (certain, permanent) sicher

\secure job sicherer Arbeitsplatz

financially \secure finanziell abgesichert

2. usu pred (safe, confident) sicher

to feel \secure sich akk sicher [o geborgen] fühlen

3. (safely guarded) bewacht; (safe against interception) abhörsicher

\secure against theft diebstahlsicher

\secure mental hospital/unit geschlossene psychiatrische Klinik/Abteilung

▪ to be \secure against [or from] sth vor etw dat sicher sein

to make sth \secure against attack etw gegen Angriffe sichern

4. usu pred (fixed in position) fest; door fest verschlossen

check that the door is \secure schau nach, ob die Tür auch wirklich zu ist

to make a boat \secure ein Boot festmachen

II. vt

1. (obtain)

▪ to \secure sth sich dat etw sichern, etw garantieren

▪ to \secure sth for sb [or sb sth] jdm etw sichern; job, order jdm etw verschaffen

2. (make safe)

▪ to \secure sth etw [ab]sichern

to \secure one's future/position ( fig) seine Zukunft/Position absichern

to \secure sb/sth against [or from] sth jdn/etw vor etw dat schützen

3. (fasten)

▪ to \secure sth [to sth] etw [an etw dat] befestigen [o festmachen]

to \secure a door/a window eine Tür/ein Fenster fest schließen

4. (guarantee repayment of)

▪ to \secure sth etw absichern

to \secure a loan für einen Kredit Sicherheit stellen

to \secure a loan against [or on] sth einen Kredit durch etw akk abdecken

* * *
[sɪ'kjʊə(r)]
1. adj (+er)

1) (= safe) sicher; (emotionally) geborgen; existence, income gesichert

secure in the knowledge that... — ruhig in dem Bewusstsein, dass...

to be secure against or from sth — vor etw (dat)

to feel secure (emotionally) — sich sicher fühlen sich geborgen fühlen

to feel secure about one's future — der Zukunft sicher entgegensehen

to make sb feel secure — jdm das Gefühl der Sicherheit geben

to be financially secure — finanziell abgesichert sein

to be emotionally secure — emotional stabil sein

2) (= fastened) lock, door gesichert; (= firm, well-fastened) grip, knot, tile fest

is the window secure? — ist das Fenster fest zu?

is the lid secure? — ist der Deckel fest drauf?

to make a door/window/rope secure — eine Tür/ein Fenster/ein Seil sichern

to make a tile secure — einen Ziegel befestigen

3) (= solid) base sicher, solide

to have a secure foothold (fig) — festen Fuß gefasst haben

on secure ground — auf sicherem Boden

2. vt

1) (= fasten, make firm) festmachen; (= tie up) befestigen, festmachen; window, door fest zumachen; (with chain, bolt etc) sichern; tile befestigen; (= make safe) sichern (from, against gegen), schützen (from, against vor +dat)

2) (= obtain) sich (dat) sichern; majority of votes, order erhalten; profits, higher prices erzielen; share, interest in business erwerben; (= buy) erstehen; cook, employee verpflichten

to secure sth for sb, to secure sb sth — jdm etw sichern

to secure sb's services — jdn verpflichten

their troops have now secured the bridge/the airport — die Truppen haben jetzt die Brücke/den Flugplatz gegen feindliche Angriffe gesichert

3) (= guarantee) sichern, garantieren; loan (ab)sichern

* * *

secure [sıˈkjʊə(r)]

A adj (adv securely)

1. sicher:

a) geschützt, in Sicherheit ( beide:

from, against vor dat):

feel secure sich sicher fühlen;

a secure hiding place ein sicheres Versteck

b) fest (Fundament etc)

c) MIL uneinnehmbar (Festung etc)

d) gesichert (Existenz etc):

be financially secure finanziell abgesichert sein

e) gewiss:

victory is secure

2. ruhig, sorglos (Leben etc)

3. in sicherem Gewahrsam (Krimineller etc)

B v/t

1. (o.s. sich) sichern, schützen ( beide:

from, against vor dat, gegen)

2. sichern, garantieren ( beide:

sb sth jemandem etwas)

3. sich etwas sichern oder beschaffen:

secure a seat einen Sitzplatz ergattern umg

4. erreichen, erlangen

5. JUR ein Patent, Urteil etc erwirken

6. auch TECH sichern, befestigen (to an dat):

secure by bolts festschrauben

7. eine Tür etc (fest) (ver)schließen

8. Wertgegenstände etc sicherstellen, in Sicherheit bringen

9. JUR festnehmen, dingfest machen

10. MIL sichern, befestigen

11. besonders WIRTSCH sicherstellen:

a) etwas sichern, garantieren ( beide:

on, by durch):

secured by mortgage hypothekarisch gesichert

b) einem Gläubiger etc Sicherheit bieten

12. MED eine Arterie etc abbinden

C v/i

1. sich Sicherheit verschaffen ( against gegen)

2. SCHIFF US wegtreten, Freizeit machen

* * *
1. adjective
1) (safe) sicher

secure against burglars/fire — gegen Einbruch/Feuer geschützt; einbruch-/feuersicher

make something secure from attack/enemies — etwas gegen Angriffe/Feinde sichern

2) (firmly fastened) fest

be secure — [Ladung:] gesichert sein; [Riegel, Tür:] fest zu sein; [Tür:] ver- od. zugeriegelt sein; [Schraube:] fest sein od. sitzen

make something secure — etwas sichern

3) (untroubled) sicher, gesichert [Existenz]

feel secure — sich sicher od. geborgen fühlen

secure in the knowledge that... — in dem sicheren Bewusstsein, dass...
2. transitive verb
1) (obtain) sichern ( for Dat.); beschaffen [Auftrag] ( for Dat.); (for oneself) sich (Dat.) sichern

2) (confine) fesseln [Gefangenen]; (in container) einschließen [Wertsachen]; (fasten firmly) sichern, fest zumachen [Fenster, Tür]; festmachen [Boot] (to an + Dat.)

3) (guarantee) absichern [Darlehen]

* * *

adj.

sicher adj. v.

befestigen v.

sicherstellen v.

English-german dictionary > secure
13 majority

noun

1) (greater number or part) Mehrheit, die

the majority of people think... — die meisten Menschen denken...

be in the majority — in der Mehr- od. Überzahl sein; überwiegen

2) (in vote) [Stimmen]mehrheit, die; Majorität, die

* * *

[mə'‹o-]

- plural majorities - noun

1) (the greater number: the majority of people.) die Mehrheit

2) (the difference between a greater and a smaller number: The Democratic Party won by/with a majority of six hundred votes.) die Mehrheit

* * *

ma·jor·ity

[məˈʤɒrəti, AM -ˈʤɔ:rət̬i]

I. n

1. + sing/pl vb (greater part) Mehrheit f

in a democracy, the \majority wins in einer Demokratie gewinnt die Mehrheit

I spent the \majority of the afternoon reading ich verbrachte die meiste Zeit des Nachmittags mit Lesen

raising kids takes up the \majority of my energy das Aufziehen meiner Kinder verbraucht meine ganze Energie

the \majority der Großteil

in the \majority of cases in der Mehrzahl der Fälle

a large \majority of people eine große Mehrheit

the \majority of the votes die Stimmenmehrheit

to be a [or in the] \majority in der Mehrheit sein

2. POL (winning margin) [Stimmen]mehrheit f

they passed the bill with a \majority of 15 sie verabschiedeten das Gesetz mit einer Mehrheit von 15 Stimmen

a narrow/large \majority eine dünne/überwältigende Mehrheit

a two-thirds \majority eine Zweidrittelmehrheit

3. no pl (full legal age) Volljährigkeit f, Mündigkeit f

what is the age of \majority in this country? wann ist man in diesem Land volljährig?

to reach one's \majority volljährig werden

II. adj attr, inv POL Mehrheits-

\majority whip Mehrheitsfraktionszwang m

* * *
[mə'dZɒrItɪ]
n

1) Mehrheit f

the majority of cases — die Mehrheit or Mehrzahl der Fälle

to be in a or the majority — in der Mehrzahl sein

to be in a majority of 3 — eine Mehrheit von 3 Stimmen haben

to have/get a majority —

to have a majority of 10 — eine Mehrheit von 10 Stimmen haben

what was his majority? — wie groß war seine Mehrheit?

a two-thirds majority — die Zweidrittelmehrheit

by a small or narrow majority — mit knapper Mehrheit

2) (JUR) Volljährigkeit f, Mündigkeit f

to reach the age of majority — volljährig or mündig werden

* * *

majority [məˈdʒɒrətı; US auch -ˈdʒɑr-] s

1. Mehrheit f:

by a large majority mit großer Mehrheit;

majority of votes (Stimmen)Mehrheit, Majorität f;

majority decision, majority vote Mehrheitsbeschluss m, mehrheitlicher Beschluss;

majority holding WIRTSCH Aktienmehrheit;

majority leader PARL US Fraktionsführer(in) der Mehrheitspartei;

majority rule POL Mehrheitsprinzip n;

win by a majority verdict (Boxen) mit 2:1 Richterstimmen gewinnen; → academic.ru/67241/silent">silent A 1

2. größere Zahl, größerer oder größter Teil, Mehrzahl f:

be in the majority in der Mehrzahl sein;

in the majority of cases in der Mehrzahl der Fälle;

join the majority, go ( oder pass) over to the majority zu den Vätern versammelt werden (sterben)

3. auch majority party POL Mehrheitspartei f

4. JUR Volljährigkeit f, Mündigkeit f:

reach one’s majority volljährig oder mündig werden

5. MIL Majorsrang m oder -stelle f:

obtain one’s majority zum Major befördert werden

* * *

noun

1) (greater number or part) Mehrheit, die

the majority of people think... — die meisten Menschen denken...

be in the majority — in der Mehr- od. Überzahl sein; überwiegen

2) (in vote) [Stimmen]mehrheit, die; Majorität, die

* * *

n.

Masse -n f.

Mehrheit -en f.

English-german dictionary > majority
14 majority

mə'‹o-

- plural majorities - noun

1) (the greater number: the majority of people.) flertall, de fleste

2) (the difference between a greater and a smaller number: The Democratic Party won by/with a majority of six hundred votes.) flertall

subst. \/məˈdʒɒrətɪ\/

1) majoritet, flertall

• he was elected by a large majority

han ble valgt med stort flertall

2) myndig alder, myndighetsalder

3) majorgrad, majors rang

absolute majority eller clear majority eller overall majority absolutt flertall, rent flertall

attain\/reach one's majority bli myndig

be in the majority være i majoritet

by a majority of ten (votes) med ti stemmers overvekt

gain a majority komme i majoritet, være i flertall

the great majority eller vast majority det store flertall, de aller fleste, det brede lag

join the great majority ( hverdagslig) gjenforenes med sine (for)fedre, slutte seg til sine fedre

obtain one's majority få majors rang, bli major

ordinary majority simpelt flertall

the silent majority det tause flertall

a thin majority en knapp majoritet

a working majority ( parlamentarisk) et regjeringsdyktig flertall

English-Norwegian dictionary > majority
15 nobble

transitive verb

(Brit. sl.)

1) (durch Spritzen o. ä.) langsam machen [Rennpferd]

2) (durch Bestechung o. ä.) auf seine Seite ziehen [Person]

* * *

nob·ble

[ˈnɒbl̩]

vt BRIT, AUS (sl)

1. (tamper with)

▪ to \nobble an animal ein Tier durch Verabreichung von Drogen langsam machen

2. (bribe)

▪ to \nobble sb jdn bestechen

3. (spoil)

▪ to \nobble sth etw ruinieren [o verderben

4. (catch attention)

▪ to \nobble sb sich dat jdn greifen [o schnappen] sl

* * *
['nɒbl]
vt (Brit inf)

1) horse, dog lahm legen (inf)

2) (= catch) sich (dat) schnappen (inf)

3) (= obtain dishonestly) votes etc sich (dat) kaufen; money einsacken (inf)

4) jury, witness bestechen

5) (= thwart) plan durchkreuzen

* * *

nobble [ˈnɒbl] v/t Br umg

1. jemanden kidnappen

2. a) jemanden (durch Bestechung etc) auf seine Seite ziehen

b) bestechen

3. sich an jemanden ranmachen umg

4. sich etwas unter den Nagel reißen umg

5. SPORT ein Rennpferd (durch Drogen etc) müde machen

* * *

transitive verb

(Brit. sl.)

1) (durch Spritzen o. ä.) langsam machen [Rennpferd]

2) (durch Bestechung o. ä.) auf seine Seite ziehen [Person]

English-german dictionary > nobble
16 majority

n

большинство

- by a two thirds majority

- by a majority of

- be in the majority

- constitute a majority

- represent a majority

- gain the majority

- carry the majority

- concede to a majority

- master a majority

- command a majority

- receive the required majority of votes

- leave it to the decision of the majority

- bloated majority

- congressional majority

- narrow majority

- statutory majority

- quiet majority

- overwhelming majority

- secure an absolute majority

- distributed majority

- be elected by a bare majority

- qualified majority

- majority floor leader

- by a large majority

- majority vote

- by a simple majority

- majority of the member-states

- absolute majority

- marginal majority

- receive an absolute majority

- majority of the members present and voting

- clear majority

- working majority

- greatest possible majority

- large majority

- parliamentary majority

- bare majority

- requested majority

- by a relative majority

- non-official majority

- mechanical majority

- be carried by a small majority

- small majority

- requisite majority

- obtain an absolute majority

- simple majority

- majority rule

- be elected by a large majority

- relative majority

- majority decision

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > majority
17 gain

1. n часто доходы; заработок; барыши; выручка; прибыль

in the hope of gain — в надежде на барыши

nonnetted exchange gain — нереализованная валютная прибыль

optimum gain frequency — частота максимального усиления

gain sharing — участие рабочих в прибылях предприятия

midfrequency gain — усиление по средней частоте

loss and gain account — счет прибылей и убытков

2. n нажива; корысть

the love of gain — корыстолюбие

3. n выигрыш

unexpected gain — неожиданный выигрыш

hedging gain — выигрыш от хеджирования

gain function — функция выигрыша

sample gain — выборочный выигрыш

chance gain — случайный выигрыш

time gain — выигрыш во времени

4. n достижения, завоевания

5. n победа

this party has made spectacular gains in local elections — эта партия одержала блестящую победу на выборах в местные органы власти

to gain the garland — завоевать пальму первенства, одержать победу

6. n увеличение, рост, прирост

a gain in weight — прибавление в весе

rate of gain — интенсивность прироста; интенсивность привеса

altitude gain — непроизвольное увеличение высоты полета

capital gain on bonds — прирост капитала от облигаций

intransit gain — увеличение количества при перевозке

capital gain on shares — прирост капитала от акций

7. n воен. успех

8. n геол. привнос

9. n физ. усиление

gain stage — каскад усиления

laser gain — усиление лазера

gain range — диапазон усиления

gain set — измеритель усиления

antenna gain — усиление антенны

10. v получать; приобретать

to gain experience — приобретать опыт

to gain strength — набираться сил

to gain colour — порозоветь

to gain influence — становиться влиятельным

to gain recognition — добиться признания

they were unable to gain ascendancy — им не удалось взять верх

gain access — получать доступ

gain profit — получать прибыль

gain an access — получать доступ

gain experience — приобретать опыт

gain control — получать право контроля

11. v зарабатывать

to gain a living — зарабатывать средства к существованию

gain a living — зарабатывать средства к существованию

12. v добывать

to gain information — добывать сведения

13. v извлекать пользу, выгоду

he gained a lot of money by the transaction — он заработал кучу денег на этой сделке

14. v выиграть

to gain a battle — выиграть битву

to gain a prize — выиграть приз

15. v добиться, завоевать

to gain a victory — одержать победу

to gain a majority of 50 votes — добиться перевеса в 50 голосов

his sincerity gained the confidence of everyone — своей искренностью он заслужил всеобщее доверие

to gain the lead — быть на первом месте; вырваться вперёд, стать лидером, лидировать

gain confidence — завоевать доверие

gain a majority — получить большинство; добиться перевеса

solicitous to gain esteem — стремящийся добиться уважения

16. v захватывать, завоёвывать

to gain ground — захватывать местность; продвигаться вперёд

17. v достигать, добираться

to gain the top of a mountain — взобраться на вершину горы

to gain the shore — добраться до берега

to gain the top floor — подняться на верхний этаж

gain the power — достигать заданной мощности

18. v увеличивать, набирать

to gain altitude — набирать высоту

gain strenght — набираться сил

gain the altitude — набирать заданную высоту

gain in momentum — расти; усиливаться; увеличиваться

19. v увеличиваться, нарастать; прибавлять

my watch neither gains nor loses — мои часы идут точно

to gain in weight — прибавлять в весе, набирать вес, полнеть

the days were gaining in warmth — дни становились теплее

to gain in authority — приобретать всё большую власть

gain well — хорошо прибавлять

gain weight — прибавлять в весе

20. v нагонять

to gain on a competitor — нагонять соперника

21. v двигаться быстрее, чем …

22. v постепенно вторгаться, захватывать часть суши

23. v постепенно добиваться расположения; всё больше нравиться; захватывать

music that gains on the listeners — музыка, которая постепенно захватывает слушателей

he is gaining on me — он мне всё больше нравится

bad habits gain on people — дурным привычкам легко поддаться

to gain a foothold — укрепиться, утвердиться ; стать твёрдой ногой; завоевать положение

his ideas are gaining ground — его идеи получают всё большее распространение

to gain the upper hand — одержать победу, взять верх, одолеть

gain a beachhead — захватывать плацдарм

24. n стр. вырез, гнездо

25. n горн. вруб, зарубка

26. n горн. квершлаг, просек

27. v стр. делать гнездо или паз

stop log gain — паз шандорного затвора

Синонимический ряд:

1. achievement (noun) achievement; breakthrough; headway; progress

2. increase (noun) accretion; accrual; accumulation; addition; advance; increase; profits; winnings

3. interest (noun) interest; return

4. profit (noun) advantage; benefit; blessing; boon; earnings; favour; lucre; proceeds; profit; return

5. achieve (verb) accomplish; achieve; rack up; reach; realize; score; succeed

6. advance (verb) advance; approach; better; forward; near; overtake; progress

7. attain (verb) arrive at; attain; get to; hit on; reach

8. augment (verb) augment; enlarge; expand; grow

9. get (verb) annex; chalk up; come by; compass; get; have; land; obtain; pick up; procure; pull; secure

10. increase (verb) accrue; build up; develop; increase

11. make (verb) acquire; bring in; deserve; draw down; earn; knock down; make; merit; pull down

12. pay (verb) clean up; clear; draw; gross; make; net; pay; produce; realise; repay; return; yield

13. rally (verb) ameliorate; come around; convalesce; improve; look up; mend; perk up; rally; recover; recuperate

14. take (verb) capture; take; win

Антонимический ряд:

decrease; destroy; disperse; dissipate; exhaust; expend; fail; failure; forfeit; lavish; lose; loss; miss; reduce; retreat; scatter; spend; suffer

English-Russian base dictionary > gain
18 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

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